\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}How should you learn the C language?}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Practice!}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}The \textsf {Quincy}\xspace interpreter}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.3}Use your laboratory!}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.4}Books about C programming}{2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}The convention used here for C programs}{3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Embedded systems}{3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}How should I use this book?}{4}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}The C programming language}{6}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Constant values in C}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Constant integer values}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}Constant character values}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.3}Constant strings}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.4}Named constants in C}{7}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Integral types}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Definitions and declarations of integer-type variables}{9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}The meaning of \textsf {\textbf {\textup {\#include}}}}{10}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Comments in the C language}{10}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}C is case sensitive}{11}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.6}The use of \textmd {\textsf {\textsl {printf}()}}}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.1}Displaying variables}{13}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Displaying an integer}{13}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Displaying a \textsf {\textbf {\textup {short}}} integer}{13}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Displaying an \textsf {\textbf {\textup {unsigned char}}}}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Displaying a \textsf {\textbf {\textup {long int}}}}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.2}Displaying a string}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.3}A warning about the format characters and \textmd {\textsf {\textsl {printf}()}}}{15}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{A summary of the format characters}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.4}Example programs showing the use of \textmd {\textsf {\textsl {printf}()}}}{16}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.7}Expressions and operators}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.1}Expressions and operators---C compared with Pascal}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.2}The assignment operator \textmd {\textsf {=}}}{19}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The assignment operator and \IO }{20}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.3}The compound assignment operators}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.4}The relational operators}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.5}The increment and decrement operators, \textmd {\textsf {++}} and \textmd {\textsf {$--$}}}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.6}The logical operators}{21}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The value of \ensuremath {\@mathvf {true}} and \ensuremath {\@mathvf {false}}}{23}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.7}The bitwise operators and bit patterns}{24}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The C bitwise AND operator, \textmd {\textsf {\&}}}{24}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Using bitwise AND to examine the ROW bits in the keypad}{25}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The C bitwise OR operator, \textmd {\textsf {\textbar }}}{26}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The C bitwise NOT operator, $\sim $}{27}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The C bitwise exclusive-OR operator, {\fontencoding {OMX}\fontfamily {cmex}\fontseries {m}\fontshape {n}\selectfont \ignorespaces \char '142}}{27}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The shift operators, \Lsh \ and \Rsh }{29}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.8}Statements}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.1}The null statement}{30}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.2}Compound statements}{31}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.3}\textsf {\textbf {\textup {if}}} statement}{31}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.4}The \textsf {\textbf {\textup {while}}} statement}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.5}The \textsf {\textbf {\textup {for}}} statement}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.6}The \textsf {\textbf {\textup {do}}} statement}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.7}Nested loops}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.8}The \textsf {\textbf {\textup {break}}} statement}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.9}The \textsf {\textbf {\textup {continue}}} statement}{38}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.9}Arrays}{40}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.9.1}Array indexing errors}{43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.10}Functions}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.10.1}Function return values}{49}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The return type of \textmd {\textsf {\textit {main}()}}}{50}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.10.2}The function parameter list}{50}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.11}Indentation of your programs}{53}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Input and output}{54}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}I/O ports and the 68230 parallel interface/\penalty \z@ {}timer chip}{55}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}The interface card}{56}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}The \acro {FLIGHT-68K}\xspace microprocessor\xspace board}{56}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Octal tristate buffers on the interface board}{58}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Address decoder for the 68230 \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace }{58}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Partial address decoding}{58}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}The other connections between the 68000 and the \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace }{59}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.4}The 68230 parallel interface/\penalty \z@ {}timer chip}{59}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The seven segment display}{60}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.5}The dip switches}{60}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.6}Register addresses in the 68230 \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace on the \acro {FLIGHT-68K}\xspace }{61}
\contentsline {paragraph}{The \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace has many modes:}{61}
\contentsline {paragraph}{Submode 1X}{61}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.7}Initialising the \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace for bit \IO }{63}
\contentsline {paragraph}{What does it all mean?}{63}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Choosing inputs and outputs: the data direction registers}{64}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Initialising the \acro {PI\Slash {}{}T}\xspace for bit \IO : a summary}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.8}How the interface card is connected to the parallel chip}{65}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}The keypad}{67}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Scanning the keypad}{68}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The method}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Debouncing the keys}{70}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}How to detect if any key has been pressed}{70}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}The operators in C and their precedence}{72}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A.1}Operator precedence}{72}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {B}The \acro {ASCII}\xspace code for representing characters}{76}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {C}The memory map of the 68000 system in the laboratory}{78}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {D}The compile, assemble and link process}{80}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.1}The preprocessor}{80}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.2}The translator (or the main part of the C compiler)}{82}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.3}The listing file and the map file}{82}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.4}The assembler}{82}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.5}Relocatable object file}{83}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.6}The linker}{83}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.6.1}The startup code}{83}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.7}The library}{84}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.1}The file \texttt {flight.h}}{84}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.2}The library function \ensuremath {\@mathvf {DelayMs}}\textsf {\textmd {\textup {()}}}}{84}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.3}The library function \ensuremath {\@mathvf {kbhit}}\textsf {\textmd {\textup {()}}}}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.4}The library function \ensuremath {\@mathvf {getch}}\textsf {\textmd {\textup {()}}}}{86}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.5}The library function \ensuremath {\@mathvf {WriteSevenSegment}}\textsf {\textmd {\textup {()}}}}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.7.6}The library function \ensuremath {\@mathvf {ReadKey}}\textsf {\textmd {\textup {()}}}}{87}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D.8}The \textsf {make} program}{88}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {E}Why C and not assembly language?}{90}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {F}The \textsf {Quincy}\xspace interpreter---get it and use it!}{92}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.1}What is \textsf {Quincy}\xspace ?}{92}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.1.1}What is an interpreter?}{92}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {F.1.2}What can I do with \textsf {Quincy}\xspace ?}{93}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {F.2}How to get a copy of \textsf {Quincy}\xspace }{93}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {G}Compiler errors: they are there to help you}{95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.1}What do I do if there are lots of error messages?}{95}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {G.2}Error messages from different parts of the compiler}{96}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {G.2.1}Error messages from the preprocessor}{96}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {G.2.2}Error messages from the main part of the compiler}{97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {G.2.3}Error messages from the linker}{98}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {G.2.4}The ``my computer looks sick!'' error message}{99}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {H}Editing, compiling, downloading and running a program}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.1}The program design}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.2}The general procedure for editing, compiling, downloading and running a program}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.3}Editing the program}{102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.4}Compiling your program}{104}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.5}Downloading the program}{104}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {H.6}Running the program}{105}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {I}Solutions to exercises}{106}
\contentsline {chapter}{References}{119}
\contentsline {chapter}{Index}{121}