— LPIC

General Linux Part 2 —
(Study Notes) 1 2
geoffrey hector robertson geoffrey@zip.com.au July 21, 2005

Copyright c 2002 Geoffrey Robertson. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies or modiﬁed versions of this document provided that this copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation—either version 2 of the License or (at your option) any later version.
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RCS Id = Id: lpic.general-linux-1.notes.tex,v 1.2 2002/02/28 23:06:04 geoffrey Exp geoffrey

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Contents
0.101(1.1) Hardware & Architecture [11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.101.1 Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings [3] . . . . . . . . 0.101.2 Setup SCSI devices [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.101.3 Setup different PC expansion cards [2] . . . . . . . . . . 0.101.4 Conﬁgure communication devices [2] . . . . . . . . . . . 0.101.5 Set Up USB devices [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102(2.2) Linux Installation & Package Management [24] . . . . . . . 0.102.1 Design hard disk layout [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102.2 Install a boot manager [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102.3 Make and install programs from source [5] . . . . . . . . 0.102.4 Manage shared libraries [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102.5 Use Debian package management [5] . . . . . . . . . . . 0.102.6 Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [6] . . . . . . . . . 0.105(1.5) Kernel [7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.105.1 Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime [3] 0.105.2 Reconﬁgure, build, and install a custom kernel and kernel modules [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.107(1.7) Printing [6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.107.1 Manage printers and print queues [2] . . . . . . . . . . . 0.107.2 Print ﬁles [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.107.3 Install and conﬁgure local and remote printers [3] . . . . 0.109(1.9) Shells, Scripting, Programming, Compiling [9] . . . . . . . 0.109.1 Customise and use the shell environment [4] . . . . . . . 0.109.2 Customise or write simple scripts [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.110(2.10) X [10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.110.1 Install & Conﬁgure XFree86 [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.110.2 Setup a display manager [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.110.3 Install & Customise a Window Manager Environment [4] 0.112(1.12) Networking Fundamentals [18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.112.1 Fundamentals of TCP/IP [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.112.2 TCP/IP conﬁguration and troubleshooting [10] . . . . . 0.112.3 Conﬁgure Linux as a PPP client [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.113(1.13) Networking Services [20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.113.1 Conﬁgure and manage inetd, xinetd, and related services [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.113.2 Operate and perform basic conﬁguration of sendmail [5] 0.113.3 Operate and perform basic conﬁguration of Apache [3] . 0.113.4 Properly manage the NFS, smb, and nmb daemons [4] . 0.113.5 Setup and conﬁgure basic DNS services [3] . . . . . . . . 3 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25

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CONTENTS 0.113.6 Conﬁgure ntp.conf and ntp.drift to be used by xntpd [2] 0.113.7 Set up secure shell (OpenSSH) [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.114(1.14) Security [10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.114.1 Perform security administration tasks [4] . . . . . . . . . 0.114.2 Setup host security [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.114.3 Setup user level security [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 26 27 27 27 28

I Resources
1 (1.1) Hardware & Architecture [11] 1.1 Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings [3] 1.2 Set Up USB devices [2] . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Statement of Objective: . . . . . . . 1.2.2 The Universal Serial Bus . . . . . . 1.2.3 USB Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 USB Device Driver Layers . . . . . 1.2.5 USB Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 USB Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7 USB Interrogation Utilities . . . . 1.2.8 Hotplugging Usb Devices . . . . . 1.2.9 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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31 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 40 40 41 43 45 46 47 49 50

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Linux Installation & Package Management 2.1 Design hard disk layout [2] . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Install a boot manager [3] . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Make and install programs from source [5] . 2.3.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Source Code Destribution . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Steps to Install a package from tarball 2.3.4 Installing the trivial database tdb . . 2.3.5 Play with the trivial database tdb . . 2.4 Manage shared libraries [3] . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Use Debian package management [5] . . . . . 2.6 Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [6] . . 1.1

1 Create partitions and ﬁlesystems [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II Practical Exercises
103 103.1Work on the command line [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2Find system ﬁles and place ﬁles in the correct location [2] . . . .

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III Questions
103.103 GNU & Unix Commands [30] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1.3) 103.103.1 Work on the command line [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Topic 101 Hardware & Architecture

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Objective 101.1 Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings

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CONTENTS

General Linux Part 2 []
The information in this section is taken from the LPI Project Objective Management System and is copyright to the Linux Professional Institute. It should be noted that the latest version of this information will be found at: http://www.lpi.org/cgi-bin/poms.py.

A note about the numbering
• The numbers hard on the left margin with one dot, e.g. 1.103, are LPI Exam Topic numbers. • The numbers in parentheses next to the LPI Exam Topic numbers are the old topic numbers and may be used to reference topics in older books and documentation. • The numbers hard on the left margin with two dots, e.g. 1.103.1, are LPI Exam Objectives. • The numbers in square brackets to the right of Topics and Objectives indicate weightings.

0.101
0.101.1

(1.1) Hardware & Architecture [11]
Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings [3]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to conﬁgure fundamental system hardware by making the correct settings in the system BIOS. This objective includes a proper understanding of BIOS conﬁguration issues such as the use of LBA on IDE hard disks larger than 1024 cylinders, enabling or disabling integrated peripherals, as well as conﬁguring systems with (or without) external peripherals such as keyboards. It also includes the correct setting for IRQ, DMA and I/O addresses for all BIOS administrated ports and settings for error handling. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /proc/ioports /proc/interrupts /proc/dma 9

10 /proc/pci

CONTENTS

Resources of interest Large Disk HOWTO by Andries Brouwer http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Large-Disk-HOWTO.html

0.101.2

Setup SCSI devices [2]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to conﬁgure SCSI devices using the SCSI BIOS as well as the necessary Linux tools. They also should be able to differentiate between the various types of SCSI. This objective includes manipulating the SCSI BIOS to detect used and available SCSI IDs and setting the correct ID number for different devices especially the boot device. It also includes managing the settings in the computer’s BIOS to determine the desired boot sequence if both SCSI and IDE drives are used. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: SCSI ID /proc/scsi/ scsi_info

Resources of interest

0.101.3

Setup different PC expansion cards [2]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to conﬁgure various cards for the various expansion slots. They should know the differences between ISA and PCI cards with respect to conﬁguration issues. This objective includes the correct settings of IRQs, DMAs and I/O Ports of the cards, especially to avoid conﬂicts between devices. It also includes using isapnp if the card is an ISA PnP device. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /proc/dma /proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/pci pnpdump(8) isapnp(8) lspci(8)

0.101. (1.1) HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE [11] Resources of Interest Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO - Steven Pritchard :

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http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/index.html

Linux PCI-HOWTO by Michael Will : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/PCI-HOWTO.html

Plug-and-Play-HOWTO David S.Lawyer : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Plug-and-Play-HOWTO.html

0.101.4

Conﬁgure communication devices [2]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to install and conﬁgure different internal and external communication devices like modems, ISDN adapters, and DSL switches. This objective includes veriﬁcation of compatibility requirements (especially important if that modem is a winmodem), necessary hardware settings for internal devices (IRQs, DMAs, I/O ports), and loading and conﬁguring suitable device drivers. It also includes communication device and interface conﬁguration requirements, such as the right serial port for 115.2 Kbps, and the correct modem settings for outbound PPP connection(s). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /proc/dma /proc/interrupts /proc/ioports setserial(8) Resources of Interest Linmodem-HOWTO by Sean Walbran and Marvin Stodolsky : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Linmodem-HOWTO.html

Modem-HOWTO - David S.Lawyer : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Modem-HOWTO.html

The Winmodems-and-Linux HOWTO by Alexandre J. :

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CONTENTS http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Winmodems-and-Linux-HOWTO.html

Serial HOWTO - David S.Lawyer original by Greg Hankins : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Serial-HOWTO.html

The Linux Winmodem Support Website : http://www.linmodems.org

0.101.5

Set Up USB devices [2]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to activate USB support, use and conﬁgure different USB devices. This objective includes the correct selection of the USB chipset and the corresponding module. It also includes the knowledge of the basic architecture of the layer model of USB as well as the different modules used in the different layers. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: lspci(8) usb-uhci.o usb-ohci.o /etc/usbmgr/ usbmodules /etc/hotplug Resources of Interest The Linux-USB Project http://www.linux-usb.org:

0.102
0.102.1

(2.2) Linux Installation & Package Management [24]
Design hard disk layout [2]

Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system. This objective includes allocating ﬁlesystems or swap space to separate partitions or disks, and tailoring the design to the intended use of the system. It also includes placing /boot on a partition that conforms with the BIOS’ requirements for booting.

0.102. (2.2) LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT [24] Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: / (root) filesystem /var filesystem /home filesystem swap space mount points partitions cylinder 1024

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Resources of Interest: Mini-FAQ from Karsten M Self on Linux Partitioning : http://pw1.netcom.com/˜kmself/Linux/FAQs/partition.html

0.102.2 Install a boot manager [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to select, install, and conﬁgure a boot manager. This objective includes providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options (for example, using a boot ﬂoppy). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/lilo.conf /boot/grub/grub.conf lilo grub-install MBR superblock first stage boot loader

Resources of Interest: LinuxGazette GRUB Article : http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue64/kohli.html

The Gnu Grub Site : http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/

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CONTENTS

0.102.3 Make and install programs from source [5]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a ﬁle of sources. Candidates should be able to make simple customisations to the Makeﬁle, for example changing paths or adding extra include directories. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: gunzip gzip bzip2 tar configure make Resources of Interest: TBA

0.102.4 Manage shared libraries [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary. Candidates should be able to state where system libraries are kept. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/ld.so.conf LD_LIBRARY_PATH Resources of Interest: Shared-Library HOWTO Used to be at:

http://www.linux.com/howto/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html

0.102.5 Use Debian package management [5]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to perform Debian package management.This objective includes being able to use command-line and interactive tools to install, upgrade, or uninstall packages, as well as ﬁnd packages containing speciﬁc

0.102. (2.2) LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT [24]

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ﬁles or software (such packages might or might not be installed). This objective also includes being able to obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg /var/lib/dpkg/* /etc/apt/apt.conf /etc/apt/sources.list dpkg dselect dpkg-reconfigure apt-get alien

Resources of Interest: The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ : http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/index.html

0.102.6 Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [6]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to perform package management under Linux distributions that use RPMs for package distribution. This objective includes being able to install, re-install, upgrade, and remove packages, as well as obtain status and version information on packages. This objective also includes obtaining package information such as version, status, dependencies, integrity, and signatures. Candidates should be able to determine what ﬁles a package provides, as well as ﬁnd which package a speciﬁc ﬁle comes from.

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/rpmrc /usr/lib/rpm/*

Resources of Interest: TBA

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CONTENTS

0.105

(1.5) Kernel [7]

0.105.1 Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a kernel and kernel loadable modules. This objective includes using command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules. It also includes manually loading and unloading modules as appropriate. It also includes being able to determine when modules can be unloaded and what parameters a module accepts. Candidates should be able to conﬁgure the system to load modules by names other than their ﬁle name. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep /etc/modules.conf & /etc/conf.modules depmod insmod lsmod rmmod modinfo modprobe uname Resources of Interest: TBA

0.105.2 Reconﬁgure, build, and install a custom kernel and kernel modules [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to customise, build, and install a kernel and kernel loadable modules from source This objective includes customising the current kernel conﬁguration, building a new kernel, and building kernel modules as appropriate. It also includes installing the new kernel as well as any modules, and ensuring that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated ﬁles (generally located under /boot, see objective 1.102.2 for more details about boot manager conﬁguration). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /usr/src/linux/* /usr/src/linux/.config /lib/modules/kernel-version/* /boot/*

0.107. (1.7) PRINTING [6]

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make make targets: config, menuconfig, xconfig, oldconfig, modules, install, modules_ins Resources of Interest: TBA

0.107

(1.7) Printing [6]

0.107.1 Manage printers and print queues [2]
Statement of Objective: The candidate should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs. This objective includes monitoring print server and user print queues and troubleshooting general printing problems Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: lpc lpq lprm lpr /etc/printcap Resources of Interest: TBA

0.107.2 Print ﬁles [1]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and manipulate print jobs. This objective includes adding and removing jobs from conﬁgured printer queues and converting text ﬁles to postscript for printing. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: lpr lpq mpage Resources of Interest: TBA

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CONTENTS

0.107.3 Install and conﬁgure local and remote printers [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to install a printer daemon, install and conﬁgure a print ﬁlter (e.g.: apsﬁlter, magicﬁlter). This objective includes making local and remote printers accessible for a Linux system, including postscript, nonpostscript, and Samba printers. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: lpd /etc/printcap /etc/apsfilter/* /var/lib/apsfilter/*/ /etc/magicfilter/*/ /var/spool/lpd/*/ Resources of Interest: TBA

0.109

(1.9) Shells, Scripting, Programming, Compiling [9]

0.109.1 Customise and use the shell environment [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to customise shell environments to meet users’ needs. This objective includes setting environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell. It also includes writing bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: ˜/.bash_profile ˜/.bash_login ˜/.profile ˜/.bashrc ˜/.bash_logout ˜/.inputrc function (Bash built-in command) export env set (Bash built-in command) unset (Bash built-in command)

0.110. (2.10) X [10] Resources of Interest: TBA

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0.109.2 Customise or write simple scripts [5]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to customise existing scripts, or write simple new (ba)sh scripts. This objective includes using standard sh syntax (loops, tests), using command substitution, testing command return values, testing of ﬁle status, and conditional mailing to the superuser. This objective also includes making sure the correct interpreter is called on the ﬁrst (#!) line of scripts. This objective also includes managing location, ownership, execution and suidrights of scripts. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: while for test chmod Resources of Interest: Bash Programming Introduction (LDP HOWTO) : http://www.linux.org/docs/ldp/howto/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html

0.110

(2.10) X [10]

0.110.1 Install & Conﬁgure XFree86 [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to conﬁgure and install X and an X font server. This objective includes verifying that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server, as well as customising and tuning X for the videocard and monitor. It also includes installing an X font server, installing fonts, and conﬁguring X to use the font server (may require a manual edit of /etc/X11/XF86Conﬁg in the ”Files” section). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: XF86Setup xf86config xvidtune /etc/X11/XF86Config .Xresources

20 Resources of Interest: XWindow-User HOWTO (LDP) :

CONTENTS

0.110.2 Setup a display manager [1]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able setup and customise a Display manager. This objective includes turning the display manager on or off and changing the display manager greeting. This objective includes changing default bitplanes for the display manager. It also includes conﬁguring display managers for use by Xstations. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include:

Resources of Interest: XDM and XDMCP HOWTO (LDP) : http://www.linux.org/docs/ldp/howto/XDMCP-HOWTO/index.html The Linux Gazette : http://www.linuxgazette.com/search.html xdm, gdm, kdm

0.110.3 Install & Customise a Window Manager Environment [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to customise a system-wide desktop environment and/or window manager, to demonstrate an understanding of customisation procedures for window manager menus and/or desktop panel menus. this objective includes selecting and conﬁguring the desired x-terminal (xterm, rxvt, aterm etc.), verifying and resolving library dependency issues for X applications, exporting X-display to a client workstation. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: .xinitrc .Xdefaults xhost DISPLAY environment variable

0.112. (1.12) NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS [18] Resources of Interest: TBA

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0.112

(1.12) Networking Fundamentals [18]

0.112.1 Fundamentals of TCP/IP [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of network fundamentals. This objective includes the understanding of IP-addresses, network masks and what they mean (i.e. determine a network and broadcast address for a host based on its subnet mask in ”dotted quad” or abbreviated notation or determine the network address, broadcast address and netmask when given an IP-address and number of bits). It also covers the understanding of the network classes and classless subnets (CIDR) and the reserved addresses for private network use. It includes the understanding of the function and application of a default route. It also includes the understanding of basic Internet protocols (IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP) and the more common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161). Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/services ftp telnet host ping dig traceroute whois Resources of Interest: Linux Networking HOWTO - Joshua Drake : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Net-HOWTO/index.html

The Linux Networking Overview HOWTO by Daniel Lopez Ridruejo : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Networking-Overview-HOWTO.html

Linux Network Administrators Guide : http://www.linuxdoc.org/LDP/nag2/index.html

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CONTENTS

0.112.2 TCP/IP conﬁguration and troubleshooting [10]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to view, change and verify conﬁguration settings and operational status for various network interfaces. This objective includes manual and automatic conﬁguration of interfaces and routing tables. This especially means to add, start, stop, restart, delete or reconﬁgure network interfaces. It also means to change, view or conﬁgure the routing table and to correct an improperly set default route manually. Candidates should be able to conﬁgure Linux as a DHCP client and a TCP/IP host and to debug problems associated with the network conﬁguration. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/HOSTNAME or /etc/hostname /etc/hosts /etc/networks /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf /etc/nsswitch.conf ifconfig route dhcpcd, dhcpclient, pump host hostname (domainname, dnsdomainname) netstat ping traceroute tcpdump the network scripts run during system initialisation. Resources of Interest: Linux Networking HOWTO by Joshua Drake : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Net-HOWTO/index.html

Linux Ethernet-Howto by Paul Gortmaker : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Ethernet-HOWTO.html

0.112.3 Conﬁgure Linux as a PPP client [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should understand the basics of the PPP protocol and be able to conﬁgure and use PPP for outbound connections. This objective includes the deﬁnition of the chat sequence to connect (given a login example) and the setup

0.113. (1.13) NETWORKING SERVICES [20]

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commands to be run automatically when a PPP connection is made. It also includes initialisation and termination of a PPP connection, with a modem, ISDN or ADSL and setting PPP to automatically reconnect if disconnected. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/ppp/options.* /etc/ppp/peers/* /etc/wvdial.conf /etc/ppp/ip-up /etc/ppp/ip-down wvdial pppd Resources of Interest: Linux PPP HOWTO Corwin Light-Williams and Joshua Drake : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO/index.html

0.113

(1.13) Networking Services [20]

0.113.1 Conﬁgure and manage inetd, xinetd, and related services [5]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to conﬁgure which services are available through inetd, use tcpwrappers to allow or deny services on a host-by-host basis, manually start, stop, and restart internet services, conﬁgure basic network services including telnet and ftp. Set a service to run as another user instead of the default in inetd.conf. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/inetd.conf /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny /etc/services /etc/xinetd.conf /etc/xinetd.log Resources of Interest: TBA

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CONTENTS

0.113.2 Operate and perform basic conﬁguration of sendmail [5]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to modify simple parameters in sendmail conﬁguration ﬁles (including the ”Smart Host” parameter, if necessary), create mail aliases, manage the mail queue, start and stop sendmail, conﬁgure mail forwarding and perform basic troubleshooting of sendmail. The objective includes checking for and closing open relay on the mailserver. It does not include advanced custom conﬁguration of Sendmail. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/sendmail.cf /etc/aliases or /etc/mail/aliases /etc/mail/* ˜/.forward mailq sendmail newaliases

Resources of Interest: TBA

0.113.3 Operate and perform basic conﬁguration of Apache [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should be able to modify simple parameters in Apache conﬁguration ﬁles, start, stop, and restart httpd, arrange for automatic restarting of httpd upon boot. Does not include advanced custom conﬁguration of Apache. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: apachectl httpd httpd.conf

Resources of Interest: Apache home page : http://www.apache.org

0.113. (1.13) NETWORKING SERVICES [20]

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0.113.4 Properly manage the NFS, smb, and nmb daemons [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should know how to mount remote ﬁlesystems using NFS, conﬁgure NFS for exporting local ﬁlesystems, start, stop, and restart the NFS server. Install and conﬁgure Samba using the included GUI tools or direct edit of the /etc/smb.conf ﬁle (Note: this deliberately excludes advanced NT domain issues but includes simple sharing of home directories and printers, as well as correctly setting the nmbd as a WINS client).

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/exports /etc/fstab /etc/smb.conf mount umount

Resources of Interest: TBA

0.113.5 Setup and conﬁgure basic DNS services [3]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to conﬁgure hostname lookups and troubleshoot problems with local caching-only name server. Requires an understanding of the domain registration and DNS translation process. Requires understanding key differences in conﬁguration ﬁles for bind 4 and bind 8.

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf /etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/named.boot (v.4) or /etc/named.conf (v.8) named

Resources of Interest: TBA

26

CONTENTS

0.113.6 Conﬁgure ntp.conf and ntp.drift to be used by xntpd [2]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to set up the system to synchronise the clock over NTP. Conﬁgure it to correct clock drift to match NTP clock.

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.drift ntpd ntpdate

Resources of Interest: TBA

0.113.7 Set up secure shell (OpenSSH) [2]
Statement of Objective: The candidate should be able to obtain and conﬁgure OpenSSH. This objective includes basic OpenSSH installation and troubleshooting, as well as conﬁguring sshd to start at system boot..

Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny /etc/nologin /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh_known_hosts /etc/sshrc sshd ssh-keygen

Resources of Interest: TBA

0.114. (1.14) SECURITY [10]

27

0.114

(1.14) Security [10]

0.114.1 Perform security administration tasks [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidates should know how to review system conﬁguration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies. This objective includes how to conﬁgure TCP wrappers, ﬁnd ﬁles with SUID/SGID bit set, verify packages, set or change user passwords and password aging information, update binaries as recommended by CERT, BUGTRAQ, and/or distribution’s security alerts. Includes basic knowledge of ipchains and iptables. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /proc/net/ip_fwchains /proc/net/ip_fwnames /proc/net/ip_masquerade find ipchains passwd socket iptables Resources of Interest: TBA

0.114.2 Setup host security [4]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should know how to set up a basic level of host security. Tasks include syslog conﬁguration, shadowed passwords, set up of a mail alias for root’s mail and turning of all network services not in use. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: /etc/inetd.conf or /etc/inet.d/* /etc/nologin /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /ets/syslog.conf Resources of Interest: TBA

28

CONTENTS

0.114.3 Setup user level security [2]
Statement of Objective: Candidate should be able to conﬁgure user level security. Tasks include limits on user logins, processes, and memory usage. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: quota usermod Resources of Interest: TBA

Part I

Resources

29

Chapter 1

(1.1) Hardware & Architecture [11]
Old number: () Weight: [] Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings [3] Setup SCSI devices [2] Setup different PC expansion cards [2] Conﬁgure communication devices [2] Set Up USB devices [2]

31

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CHAPTER 1. (1.1) HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE [11]

1.1

Conﬁgure Fundamental BIOS Settings [3]

1.2. SET UP USB DEVICES [2]

33

1.2 Set Up USB devices [2]
1.2.1 Statement of Objective:
Candidates should be able to activate USB support, use and conﬁgure different USB devices. This objective includes the correct selection of the USB chipset and the corresponding module. It also includes the knowledge of the basic architecture of the layer model of USB as well as the different modules used in the different layers. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: lspci(8) usb-uhci.o usb-ohci.o /etc/usbmgr/ usbmodules /etc/hotplug

(A directory)

1.2.2 The Universal Serial Bus
• A serial transmission scheme • Two versions of USB Version 1 & Version 2 • Version – 1 released January 1996 – supports speeds up to 12MBit/s (8.5Mbit/s in practice) – supports up to 127 devices connected to the bus Version 2: – announced 1999 – supports speeds up to 480Mbit/s • Devices can be self or bus powered

1.2.3 USB Topology
The system unit contains the host controller and one virtual root hub with at least one (and normally two) USB interfaces. These interfaces can then be connected directly to a USB device or to another HUB.

1.2.4 USB Device Driver Layers
The Device drivers used for the USB sub-system are split into two distinct layers: Hardware Layer - usbcore & usb-uhci / usb-ohci API Layer - Application / Product speciﬁc

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CHAPTER 1. (1.1) HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE [11]

1.2.5 USB Controllers
There are two categories of USB controller: usb-uhci - For Intel, PIIX4, Via controllers usb-ohci - For Compaq, iMacs, OPTi, SiS, ALi controllers To determine your controller type, examine /proc/pci for a clue: [root@Node4] root]# cat /proc/pci PCI devices found: ......... Bus 0, device 7, function 2: USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. UHCI USB (rev 17). IRQ 10. Master Capable. Latency=32. I/O at 0xe400 [0xe41f]. ......... The UHCI controllers use a 16 bit IO address: I/O at 0xHHHH eg: I/O at 0xe400

The OHCI controllers use a 32 bit memory address: memory at 0xHH000000 eg memory at 0xee000000

1.2.6 USB Modules
Assuming you have a modular kernel, the following modules will be required: usbcore - The base usb kernel module plus one of the controller speciﬁc modules: usb-uhci - For Intel, PIIX4, Via controllers usb-ohci - For Compaq, iMacs, OPTi, SiS, ALi controllers Conﬁguration: An entry in /etc/modules.conf aliases the speciﬁc controller to usb-controller as follows: alias usb-controller usb-uhci Starting up the USB sub-system To have the usb sub-sytem startup automatically at boot time, all you need to do is ensure that the above alias line is present in /etc/modules.conf. To startup manually, do the following steps: insmod usbcore insmod usbuhci (or usb-ohci) mount the usbdevfs ﬁlesystem (optional but highly recommended) Example: [root@Node4] root]# insmod usbcore Using /lib/modules/2.4.184/kernel/drivers/usb/usbcore.o [root@Node4] root]# insmod usb-uhci Using /lib/modules/2.4.18-4/kernel/drivers/usb/usb-uhci.o [root@Node4] root]# mount -t usbdevfs usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb Once this is done, you should see the following entries in /proc/bus/usb: [root@Node4] root]# ls /proc/bus/usb 001 devices drivers

1.2.7 USB Interrogation Utilities
LSUSB - A console view of USB devices Lsusb is a text utility contained in the usbutils package. Use ’rpm -Uvh usbutils.xxx.rpm’ to install.

1.2. SET UP USB DEVICES [2] [root@node4]# lsusb Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Virtual Hub Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.00 bDeviceClass 9 Hub iProduct 2 USB UHCI Root Hub ..........

35

Bus 001 Device 002: ID 03f0:0601 Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 6300c Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.00 bDeviceClass 0 Interface bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 8 idVendor 0x03f0 Hewlett-Packard idProduct 0x0601 ScanJet 6300c bcdDevice 1.00 iManufacturer 1 iProduct 2 HP ScanJet 6300C iSerial 3 SG9941706SPE ........ Bus 001 Device 003: ID 1189:6000 Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.00 bDeviceClass 0 Interface bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 8 idVendor 0x1189 idProduct 0x6000 bcdDevice a.03 iManufacturer 0 iProduct 1 USB Optical Storage Device iSerial 0 USBVIEW - An X view of USB devices Usbview is a GUI utility contained in the usbview package. Use ’rpm -Uvh usbview.rpm’ to install. Usbview parses /proc/bus/usb/devices for connected USB devices. Any device that has a problem will be printed in red.

36

CHAPTER 1. (1.1) HARDWARE & ARCHITECTURE [11]

1.2.8 Hotplugging Usb Devices
When a device is plugged into a USB port, it will automatically register itself with the USB subsystem. The upper API drivers will not however automatically ’insmod’ themselves unless the hotplug package has been installed. With the hotplug package installed, an entry in /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug will be created which will contain the name of an executable to be called whenever a new device is detected on the bus. $ ls /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug /sbin/hotplug For example, when a USB scanner is plugged in, hotplug will automatically load the module ’scanner.o’. The xsane application can then be run directly without any user intervention. /sbin/hotplug is an executable which is called by the kernel (kernel space to user space interface) /etc/hotplug is a directory containing conﬁguration information for hotplug (which drivers to load when a device is plugged in)

1.2.9 Resources
• The Linux USB Sub System by Brad Hards, Sigma Bravo Pty Ltd • www.linux-usb.org

Chapter 2

Linux Installation & Package Management
Old number: (2.2) Weight: [24] Design hard disk layout [2] Install a boot manager [3] Make and install programs from source [5] Manage shared libraries [3] Use Debian package management [5] Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [6]

37

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CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

2.1

Design hard disk layout [2]

2.2. INSTALL A BOOT MANAGER [3]

39

2.2 Install a boot manager [3]

40

CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

2.3

Make and install programs from source [5]

2.3.1 Objective
Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a ﬁle of sources. Candidates should be able to make simple customizations to the Makeﬁle, for example changing paths or adding extra include directories. Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include: gunzip gzip bzip2 tar configure make Resources of interest • LPI Linux Certiﬁcation in a Nutshell by Jeffrey Dean O’Reilly • LPIC 1 Certiﬁcation Bible Angie Nash and Jason Nash Hungry Minds

2.3.2 Source Code Destribution
To distribute software in the form of source code a source tree is archived into one ﬁle using the tar command and then compressed. The resulting ﬁle is called a tarball. Source code may also be distributed using the package management tools of a particular distribution. Debian apt-get install kernel-source-2.2.27 Redhat rpm -Uhv at-3.1.8-23.src.rpm Tarball tdb-1.0.6.tar.gz

2.3.3 Steps to Install a package from tarball
• Unpack the taball: $ tar zxvf my-prog.tar.gz ← • Change dircetory into the source tree: $ cd my-prog ←

2.3. MAKE AND INSTALL PROGRAMS FROM SOURCE [5] • Conﬁgure the Makefile: $ ./configure ← • Make: $ make ← • Install: $ su -c ’make install’←

41

2.3.4 Installing the trivial database tdb
Download Locate and download the tarball • googling for it: http://google.com • search on freshmeat: http://freshmeat.net • see if it lives on sourceforge: http://www.sf.net Downlload the tarball to a suitable directory such as /tmp. Unpack The tarball ﬁle is a compressed archived source tree. Most commonly the ﬁle will be compressed using either gzip or bzip2 GNU tar can uncompress and unpack the archive: $ tar zxvf tdb-1.0.6.tar.gz ← or $ tar jxvf tdb-1.0.6.tar.bz2 ← cd into the tree The unpacked tarball creates a source tree. The base of which is the name of the program $ ls ← tdb-1.0.6 tdb-1.0.6.tar.gz

$ cd tdb-1.0.6 ← $ ls ← configure ...

tdb.c

tdb.h

README

INSTALL

COPYING

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CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

cd into the tree
$ ls -w 70 ← acconfig.h aclocal.m4 AUTHORS ChangeLog config.guess config.h.in config.sub configure configure.in COPYING INSTALL install-sh ltconfig ltmain.sh Makefile.am Makefile.in missing mkinstalldirs NEWS README spinlock.c spinlock.h stamp-h.in tdb.3 tdb.c tdb_chainlock.3 tdb_close.3 tdb_delete.3 tdbdump.c tdb_error.3 tdb_exists.3 tdb_fetch.3 tdb_firstkey.3 tdb.h tdbiterate.c tdb_open.3 tdb.spec tdbspeed.c tdb_store.3 tdbtest.c tdbtool.c tdbtorture.c tdb_traverse.3 TODO

./configure
$ file configure ← configure: Bourne shell script text executable $ head -5 configure ← #! /bin/sh # Guess values for system-dependent variables # Create Makefiles. # Generated automatically using autoconf version 2.13

./configure
$ ./configure ← creating cache ./config.cache checking for a BSD compat install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets $MAKE... yes checking for working aclocal... found ... creating ./config.status creating Makefile creating config.h

The Makefile
SHELL = /bin/sh CC = gcc CFLAGS = -g -O2 prefix = /usr/local includedir = $prefix/include ... tdbtool: $(tdbtool_OBJECTS) $(tdbtool_DEPENDENCIES) @rm -f tdbtool $(LINK) $(tdbtool_LDFLAGS) $(tdbtool_OBJECTS) ... distclean: distclean-am -rm -f config.status

2.3. MAKE AND INSTALL PROGRAMS FROM SOURCE [5] make
$ make ← /bin/sh ./libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c tdb.c mkdir .libs gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c -fPIC -DPIC tdb.c -o .libs/tdb.lo gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c tdb.c -o tdb.o >/dev/null 2>&1 mv -f .libs/tdb.lo tdb.lo /bin/sh ./libtool --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c spinlock.c ...

43

make install
su -c ’make install’ Password: make[1]: Entering directory ‘/tmp/tdb-1.0.6’ /bin/sh ./mkinstalldirs /usr/local/lib /bin/sh ./libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c libtdb.la /usr/local/lib/libtdb.la ... chmod 644 /usr/local/lib/libtdb.a PATH="$PATH:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/local/lib

2.3.5 Play with the trivial database tdb
The utility tdbtool may be used to have a play with tdb. • Start it and display the help by typing something random: $ tdbtool ← tdb> ? tdbtool: create open erase dump insert store show delete list free 1 | first n | next q | quit \n tdb>

dbname dbname dumpname key data key data key key

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

create a database open an existing database erase the database dump the database as strings insert a record store a record (replace) show a record by key delete a record by key print the database hash table and freelist print the database freelist print the first record print the next record terminate repeat ’next’ command

• Create a database: tdb> create test.tdb

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CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
• Add some data: tdb> tdb> tdb> tdb> insert insert insert insert 1 thing 2 foo 3 bar 55 whizz

• Have a look at an entry: tdb> show 3 key 2 bytes 3 data 4 bytes [000] 62 61 72 00 • Experiment.

bar

2.4. MANAGE SHARED LIBRARIES [3]

45

2.4 Manage shared libraries [3]

46

CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

2.5

Use Debian package management [5]

2.6. USE RED HAT PACKAGE MANAGER (RPM) [6]

47

2.6 Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) [6]

48

CHAPTER 2. LINUX INSTALLATION & PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1

Old number: () Weight: [] Create partitions and ﬁlesystems [] Maintain the integrity of ﬁlesystems [] Control mounting and unmounting ﬁlesystems [] Managing disk quota [] Use ﬁle permissions to control access to ﬁles [] Manage ﬁle ownership [] Create and change hard and symbolic links [] Find system ﬁles and place ﬁles in the correct location []

49

50

CHAPTER 1.

1.1

Create partitions and ﬁlesystems [3]

Part II

Practical Exercises

51

Chapter 103

Old number: (1.3) Weight: [30] Work on the command line [4] Process text streams using ﬁlters [7] Perform basic ﬁle management [2] Use streams, pipes, and redirects [3] Create, monitor, and kill processes [7] Modify process execution priorities [2] Search text ﬁles using regular expressions [3] Perform basic ﬁle editing using vi [2]

53

54

CHAPTER 103.

103.1

Work on the command line [4]

103.2. FIND SYSTEM FILES AND PLACE FILES IN THE CORRECT LOCATION [2]55

103.2

Find system ﬁles and place ﬁles in the correct location [2]

56

CHAPTER 103.

Part III

Questions

57

103.103. (1.3) GNU & UNIX COMMANDS [30]

59

103.103

(1.3) GNU & Unix Commands [30]

103.103.1 Work on the command line [4]