2 2.109.2 Customise or Write Simple Scrips []

1.109.2 Customize or write simple scripts Weight 3
Linux Professional Institute Certiﬁcation — 102

Maintain system time [3] Candidate should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronise the clock over NTP. Tasks include setting the system date and time, setting the BIOS clock to the correct time in UTC, conﬁguring the correct timezone for the system and conﬁguring the system to correct clock drift to match NTP clock. Maintain system time [3] date hwclock ntpd ntpdate /usr/share/zoneinfo /etc/timezone /etc/localtime /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.drift Maintain system time [3] LPI Linux Certiﬁcation in a Nutshell by Jeffrey Dean O’Reilly LPIC 1 Certiﬁcation Bible Angie Nash and Jason Nash Hungry Minds date The date command without any options will print the current date and time. The date will be relative to any timezone set for the machine. [andy@Node4]$ date ← Tue May 21 09:57:51 EST 2002 date -I Output an ISO-8601 compliant date (YYYY-MM-DD) $ date -I ← 2002-05-21 1 -R Output an RFC-822 compliant date (Local time + GMT 0ffset)

Geoffrey Robertson ge@ffrey.com Nick Urbanik nicku@nicku.org 2005 July
Description of Objective

Candidate should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new (ba)sh scripts. This objective includes using standard sh syntax (loops, tests), using command substitution, testing command return values, testing of ﬁle status, and conditional mailing to the superuser. This objective also includes making sure the correct interpreter is called on the ﬁrst (!) line of scripts. This objective also includes managing location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.
Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities include:

while for test chmod
() Shells, Scripting, Programming and Compiling [] 2.109.1 Customise and use the shell environment []

3 $ date -R ← Tue, 21 May 2002 10:14:09 +1000 2 -r <file> Display the last modiﬁcation time of ﬁle $ date -r ~/ivr/va/src/va.c ← Mon May 20 12:55:48 EST 2002 date -d <STRING> Display date described by string instead of now $ date -d "last Monday 4 years ago" ← Mon May 18 00:00:00 EST 1998 1 -u Display UTC time & date instead of localtime $ date ← Tue May 21 10:55:34 EST 2002 $ date -u ← Tue May 21 00:55:34 UTC 2002 date -s <date> Set the system time (must be superuser) # date -s "Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002" ← Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002 1 +FORMAT Display date in user deﬁned format $ date +"Today is %A, %d %B, %Y" ← Today is Tuesday, 21 May, 2002 • 2 • To set the RTC from the system time, use this option: hwclock -w 3 • To display the contents of the RTC, use this option: hwclock -r 4 • To adjust the RTC for clock drift, use this option: hwclock -a (or hwclock -adjust) (or hwclock -show) (or hwclock -systohc) hwclock 1 Hwclock is used to do the following:

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1Set the system clock from the Hardware clock 2 Set the hardware clock from the system clock 3 Show the time/date held by the RTC 4 Adjust the RTC to account for clock drift 5 The Real Time Clock (RTC) is the hardware clock and is located on the motherboard of the system. This is what keeps track of the time when the system is not powered up. The system clock is maintained in the Linux kernel and is used while the system is running. 1To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s (or hwclock -hctosys)

5 Note that the ﬁle /etc/adjtime is used to hold information about the extent to which (and direction) your RTC drifts NTP - Network Time Protocol NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: 2NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets 3 Uses the UDP protocol 4 Uses Port 123 plus one other unpriveledged port (1024:65535) 5 Can operate in both client & server modes 6 There are 3 versions of the protocol (ntp1, ntp2 & ntp3) 7 Available for Unix & Windows machines.

5 NTP - Network Time Protocol NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: 0ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon 1 ntpq - standard NTP query program 2 ntpdc - special NTP query program 3 ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP 4 ntptrace - trace a chain of NTP servers to the primary source 5 tickadj set time-related kernel variables 6 ntptime - read kernel time variables 7 ntp-genkeys - generate public and private keys NTP - Network Time Protocol For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP. 1Install NTP package (rpm -Uvh ntp-4.1.0-4.rpm) or apt-get install ntp 2 Modify /etc/ntp.conf to reﬂect time servers Start the service: service ntpd start 4 Conﬁrm operation using ntpq (command pe) 5 That’s all there is to it! The hardest part is deciding which public time servers to use. NTP - Network Time Protocol • Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s). 1 • More than one server can be speciﬁed in order for ntp to get a better idea of the transit time and overall server accuracy. 2 • Running as a cron job is a simple way to maintain system time 3 Usage: ntpdate [options] server ...
# ntpdate ntp.nml.csiro.au 21 May 14:01:13 ntpdate[4002]: adjust time server 10.27.1.10 offset -0.000804 sec

6 4 The NTP daemon is normally started up by the system initialisation scripts. On a Red-Hat system you can start the service by: service ntpd start NTP - Network Time Protocol Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles: 1/etc/ntp.conf - Conﬁguration ﬁle 2 /etc/ntp.drift - RTC drift ﬁle 3 /etc/ntp.keys - Key ﬁle (for authentication mode) 4 The only ﬁle of concern to the user is ntp.conf. The other ﬁles are all written to and read by the ntp applications. •
# Disable authentication mode disable auth restrict default ignore # ignore all requests by default server ntp.cs.mu.OZ.AU # 128.250.36.2 server apphys16.mst.csiro.au # 138.194.21.154 server ntp.nml.csiro.au # 130.155.98.1 server 127.0.0.1 # localhost # Lift restrictions on time servers restrict 128.250.36.2 nomodify # time service only, no rt mods restrict 138.194.21.154 nomodify restrict 130.155.98.1 nomodify # All local addresses are unrestricted restrict 127.0.0.1 restrict 10.27.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 # Set the default drift file driftfile /etc/ntp/drift

4 This will set the local machines system time using server ntp.nml.csiro.au NTP - Network Time Protocol • NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis. 1 • NTPD acts as both a client & server (Linux only). 2 • In server mode, other machines on the local network can use the server to set their own system clocks 3 • For Windows machines, automachron is available. 4 • NTPD also keeps track of RTC drift.

NTP - Network Time Protocol A (partial) list of public time servers is shown below. When using these servers, it is considered polite to advise the administrator of the service that you intend on using it. • ntp.cs.mu.OZ.AU (128.250.36.2) • apphys16.mst.csiro.au (138.194.21.154) • ntp.nml.csiro.au ( 130.155.98.1) NTP - Network Time Protocol Once you have the NTP daemon up & running, the easiest way of testing it is to use the ntpq utility.

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# ntpq ntpq> pe remote refid ... delay offset jitter =========================================================== localhost.local 0.0.0.0 ... 0.000 0.000 4000.00 xmurgon.cs.mu.OZ .GPS. ... 526.202 -206.43 208.270 +apphys16.mst.cs .ATOM. ... 169.956 -5.576 87.828 ... 149.988 -24.328 6.761 *tictoc.tip.CSIR .ATOM. ntpq> q #

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