– General Linux 2 – Customise or Write Simple Scripts []
(Linux Professional Institute Certiﬁcation)
a .˜. /V\ // \\ @._.@

by: geoffrey robertson geoffrey@zip.com.au

$Id: gl2.109.2.slides.tex,v 1.2 2003/08/29 14:36:14 waratah Exp $

c 2002 Geoffrey Robertson. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies or modiﬁed versions of this document provided that this copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation—either version 2 of the License or (at your option) any later version.

a Copyright

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List of Slides

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() Shells, Scripting, Programming and Compiling []
2.109.1 Customise and use the shell environment [] 2.109.2 Customise or Write Simple Scrips []

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Maintain system time [3]
Objective
Candidate should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronise the clock over NTP. Tasks include setting the system date and time, setting the BIOS clock to the correct time in UTC, conﬁguring the correct timezone for the system and conﬁguring the system to correct clock drift to match NTP clock.

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Maintain system time [3]
Key ﬁles, terms, and utilities
date hwclock ntpd ntpdate /usr/share/zoneinfo /etc/timezone /etc/localtime /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.drift

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Maintain system time [3]
Resources of interest
LPI Linux Certiﬁcation in a Nutshell by Jeffrey Dean O’Reilly LPIC 1 Certiﬁcation Bible Angie Nash and Jason Nash Hungry Minds

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date
Display or Set System Date & Time
The date command without any options will print the current date and time. The date will be relative to any timezone set for the machine. [andy@Node4]$ date ← Tue May 21 09:57:51 EST 2002

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date
Options to the Date command
-I Output an ISO-8601 compliant date (YYYY-MM-DD) $ date -I ← 2002-05-21

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date
Options to the Date command
-I Output an ISO-8601 compliant date (YYYY-MM-DD) $ date -I ← 2002-05-21 -R Output an RFC-822 compliant date (Local time + GMT 0ffset) $ date -R ← Tue, 21 May 2002 10:14:09 +1000

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date
Options to the Date command
-I Output an ISO-8601 compliant date (YYYY-MM-DD) $ date -I ← 2002-05-21 -R Output an RFC-822 compliant date (Local time + GMT 0ffset) $ date -R ← Tue, 21 May 2002 10:14:09 +1000 -r <file> Display the last modiﬁcation time of ﬁle $ date -r ˜/ivr/va/src/va.c ← Mon May 20 12:55:48 EST 2002

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date
Options to the Date command
-d <STRING> Display date described by string instead of now $ date -d "last Monday 4 years ago" ← Mon May 18 00:00:00 EST 1998

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date
Options to the Date command
-d <STRING> Display date described by string instead of now $ date -d "last Monday 4 years ago" ← Mon May 18 00:00:00 EST 1998 -u Display UTC time & date instead of localtime $ date ← Tue May 21 10:55:34 EST 2002 $ date -u ← Tue May 21 00:55:34 UTC 2002

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date
Options to the Date command
-s <date> Set the system time (must be superuser) # date -s "Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002" ← Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002

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date
Options to the Date command
-s <date> Set the system time (must be superuser) # date -s "Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002" ← Tue May 21 10:03:06 EST 2002 +FORMAT Display date in user deﬁned format $ date +"Today is %A, %d %B, %Y" ← Today is Tuesday, 21 May, 2002

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock
Hwclock is used to do the following: • Set the system clock from the Hardware clock

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock
Hwclock is used to do the following: • Set the system clock from the Hardware clock • Set the hardware clock from the system clock

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock
Hwclock is used to do the following: • Set the system clock from the Hardware clock • Set the hardware clock from the system clock • Show the time/date held by the RTC

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock
Hwclock is used to do the following: • Set the system clock from the Hardware clock • Set the hardware clock from the system clock • Show the time/date held by the RTC • Adjust the RTC to account for clock drift

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hwclock
RTC <==>System clock
Hwclock is used to do the following: • Set the system clock from the Hardware clock • Set the hardware clock from the system clock • Show the time/date held by the RTC • Adjust the RTC to account for clock drift The Real Time Clock (RTC) is the hardware clock and is located on the motherboard of the system. This is what keeps track of the time when the system is not powered up. The system clock is maintained in the Linux kernel and is used while the system is running.
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Set System clock to Hardware clock

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Set System clock to Hardware clock
• To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s (or hwclock --hctosys)

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Set System clock to Hardware clock
• To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s hwclock -w (or hwclock --hctosys) (or hwclock --systohc) • To set the RTC from the system time, use this option:

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Set System clock to Hardware clock
• To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s hwclock -w hwclock -r (or hwclock --hctosys) (or hwclock --systohc) (or hwclock --show) • To set the RTC from the system time, use this option: • To display the contents of the RTC, use this option:

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Set System clock to Hardware clock
• To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s hwclock -w hwclock -r hwclock -a (or hwclock --hctosys) (or hwclock --systohc) (or hwclock --show) (or hwclock --adjust) • To set the RTC from the system time, use this option: • To display the contents of the RTC, use this option: • To adjust the RTC for clock drift, use this option:

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Set System clock to Hardware clock
• To set the system time from the RTC, use the following option to hwclock: hwclock -s hwclock -w hwclock -r hwclock -a (or hwclock --hctosys) (or hwclock --systohc) (or hwclock --show) (or hwclock --adjust) • To set the RTC from the system time, use this option: • To display the contents of the RTC, use this option: • To adjust the RTC for clock drift, use this option: Note that the ﬁle /etc/adjtime is used to hold information about the extent to which (and direction) your RTC drifts
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include:

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets • Uses the UDP protocol

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets • Uses the UDP protocol • Uses Port 123 plus one other unpriveledged port (1024:65535)

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets • Uses the UDP protocol • Uses Port 123 plus one other unpriveledged port (1024:65535) • Can operate in both client & server modes

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets • Uses the UDP protocol • Uses Port 123 plus one other unpriveledged port (1024:65535) • Can operate in both client & server modes • There are 3 versions of the protocol (ntp1, ntp2 & ntp3)

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
NTP is a time protocol used to synchronise a systems clock to master time source. For example, the CSIRO maintains a nationwide time source with atomic clock accuracy. As a user I can synchronise my system to that time source by sending a request to the CSIRO’s ntp server. Features and properties of NTP include: • NTP takes into account the time taken to send/receive NTP packets • Uses the UDP protocol • Uses Port 123 plus one other unpriveledged port (1024:65535) • Can operate in both client & server modes • There are 3 versions of the protocol (ntp1, ntp2 & ntp3) • Available for Unix & Windows machines.
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program • ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program • ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP • ntptrace - trace a chain of NTP servers to the primary source

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program • ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP • ntptrace - trace a chain of NTP servers to the primary source • tickadj - set time-related kernel variables

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program • ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP • ntptrace - trace a chain of NTP servers to the primary source • tickadj - set time-related kernel variables • ntptime - read kernel time variables

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
The suite of tools
NTP normally comes in a package and contains the following binaries: • ntpd - Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon • ntpq - standard NTP query program • ntpdc - special NTP query program • ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP • ntptrace - trace a chain of NTP servers to the primary source • tickadj - set time-related kernel variables • ntptime - read kernel time variables • ntp-genkeys - generate public and private keys
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Quick install guide
For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP.

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Quick install guide
For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP. • Install NTP package (rpm -Uvh ntp-4.1.0-4.rpm) or apt-get install ntp

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Quick install guide
For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP. • Install NTP package (rpm -Uvh ntp-4.1.0-4.rpm) or apt-get install ntp • Modify /etc/ntp.conf to reﬂect time servers • Start the service: service ntpd start

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Quick install guide
For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP. • Install NTP package (rpm -Uvh ntp-4.1.0-4.rpm) or apt-get install ntp • Modify /etc/ntp.conf to reﬂect time servers • Start the service: service ntpd start • Conﬁrm operation using ntpq (command pe)

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Quick install guide
For anyone new to NTP, here’s a quick guide to installing & setting up NTP. • Install NTP package (rpm -Uvh ntp-4.1.0-4.rpm) or apt-get install ntp • Modify /etc/ntp.conf to reﬂect time servers • Start the service: service ntpd start • Conﬁrm operation using ntpq (command pe) That’s all there is to it! The hardest part is deciding which public time servers to use.
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpdate - Set system time & date
• Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s).

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpdate - Set system time & date
• Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s). • More than one server can be speciﬁed in order for ntp to get a better idea of the transit time and overall server accuracy.

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpdate - Set system time & date
• Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s). • More than one server can be speciﬁed in order for ntp to get a better idea of the transit time and overall server accuracy. • Running as a cron job is a simple way to maintain system time

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpdate - Set system time & date
• Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s). • More than one server can be speciﬁed in order for ntp to get a better idea of the transit time and overall server accuracy. • Running as a cron job is a simple way to maintain system time Usage: ntpdate [options] server ...
# ntpdate ntp.nml.csiro.au 21 May 14:01:13 ntpdate[4002]: adjust time server 10.27.1.10 offset -0.000804 sec

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpdate - Set system time & date
• Ntpdate is a command line utility that will set the local machines time & date from the indicated remote time server(s). • More than one server can be speciﬁed in order for ntp to get a better idea of the transit time and overall server accuracy. • Running as a cron job is a simple way to maintain system time Usage: ntpdate [options] server ...
# ntpdate ntp.nml.csiro.au 21 May 14:01:13 ntpdate[4002]: adjust time server 10.27.1.10 offset -0.000804 sec

This will set the local machines system time using server ntp.nml.csiro.au
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd - The NTP daemon
• NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis.

service ntpd start
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd - The NTP daemon
• NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis. • NTPD acts as both a client & server (Linux only).

service ntpd start
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd - The NTP daemon
• NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis. • NTPD acts as both a client & server (Linux only). • In server mode, other machines on the local network can use the server to set their own system clocks

service ntpd start
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd - The NTP daemon
• NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis. • NTPD acts as both a client & server (Linux only). • In server mode, other machines on the local network can use the server to set their own system clocks • For Windows machines, automachron is available.

service ntpd start
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd - The NTP daemon
• NTPD is a better way to maintain the system time on a permanent basis. • NTPD acts as both a client & server (Linux only). • In server mode, other machines on the local network can use the server to set their own system clocks • For Windows machines, automachron is available. • NTPD also keeps track of RTC drift. The NTP daemon is normally started up by the system initialisation scripts. On a Red-Hat system you can start the service by: service ntpd start
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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd usage & conﬁguration
Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles:

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd usage & conﬁguration
Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles: • /etc/ntp.conf - Conﬁguration ﬁle

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd usage & conﬁguration
Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles: • /etc/ntp.conf - Conﬁguration ﬁle • /etc/ntp.drift - RTC drift ﬁle

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd usage & conﬁguration
Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles: • /etc/ntp.conf - Conﬁguration ﬁle • /etc/ntp.drift - RTC drift ﬁle • /etc/ntp.keys - Key ﬁle (for authentication mode)

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
ntpd usage & conﬁguration
Usage: ntpd [options] & (normally done in the /etc/init.d scripts) NTPD is conﬁgured using these ﬁles: • /etc/ntp.conf - Conﬁguration ﬁle • /etc/ntp.drift - RTC drift ﬁle • /etc/ntp.keys - Key ﬁle (for authentication mode) The only ﬁle of concern to the user is ntp.conf. The other ﬁles are all written to and read by the ntp applications.

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Sample ntp.conf ﬁle
# Disable authentication mode disable auth restrict default ignore # ignore all requests by default server ntp.cs.mu.OZ.AU # 128.250.36.2 server apphys16.mst.csiro.au # 138.194.21.154 server ntp.nml.csiro.au # 130.155.98.1 server 127.0.0.1 # localhost # Lift restrictions on time servers restrict 128.250.36.2 nomodify # time service only, no rt mods restrict 138.194.21.154 nomodify restrict 130.155.98.1 nomodify # All local addresses are unrestricted restrict 127.0.0.1 restrict 10.27.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 # Set the default drift file driftfile /etc/ntp/drift

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Public Time Servers
A (partial) list of public time servers is shown below. When using these servers, it is considered polite to advise the administrator of the service that you intend on using it. • ntp.cs.mu.OZ.AU (128.250.36.2) • apphys16.mst.csiro.au (138.194.21.154) • ntp.nml.csiro.au ( 130.155.98.1)

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NTP - Network Time Protocol
Testing NTP
Once you have the NTP daemon up & running, the easiest way of testing it is to use the ntpq utility.
# ntpq ntpq> pe remote refid ... delay offset jitter =========================================================== localhost.local 0.0.0.0 ... 0.000 0.000 4000.00 xmurgon.cs.mu.OZ .GPS. ... 526.202 -206.43 208.270 +apphys16.mst.cs .ATOM. ... 169.956 -5.576 87.828 ... 149.988 -24.328 6.761 *tictoc.tip.CSIR .ATOM. ntpq> q #
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The End

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